Next: Installing GNUnet, Up: (dir) [Contents]
This tutorials explains how to install GNUnet on a GNU/Linux system and gives an introduction on how GNUnet can be used to develop a Peer-to-Peer application. Detailed installation instructions for various operating systems and a detailed list of all dependencies can be found on our website at https://docs.gnunet.org/#Installation and in our Reference Documentation (GNUnet Handbook).
Please read this tutorial carefully since every single step is important, and do not hesitate to contact the GNUnet team if you have any questions or problems! Visit this link in your webbrowser to learn how to contact the GNUnet team: https://gnunet.org/en/contact.html
Next: Introduction to GNUnet Architecture, Previous: Top, Up: Top [Contents]
First of all you have to install a current version of GNUnet. You can download a tarball of a stable version from GNU FTP mirrors or obtain the latest development version from our Git repository.
Most of the time you should prefer to download the stable version since with the latest development version things can be broken, functionality can be changed or tests can fail. You should only use the development version if you know that you require a certain feature or a certain issue has been fixed since the last release.
Download the tarball from
‘https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gnunet/gnunet-0.14.1.tar.gz’.
Make sure to download the associated .sig file and to verify the authenticity of the tarball against it, like this:
$ wget https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gnunet/gnunet-0.14.1.tar.gz.sig $ gpg --verify-files gnunet-0.14.1.tar.gz.sig
If this command fails because you do not have the required public key, then you need to run the following command to import it:
$ gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 48426C7E
and rerun the gpg --verify-files command.
Note: The pub key to sign the 0.10.1 release has been revoked. You will get an error message stating that there is no known public key or that it has been revoked. The next release of GNUnet will have a valid signature again. We are sorry for the inconvenience this causes. Another possible source you could use is our "gnunet" git repository which, since the change from SVN to git in 2016, has mandatory signed commits by every developer.
After verifying the signature you can extract the tarball. The resulting directory will be renamed to gnunet, which we will be using in the remainder of this document to refer to the root of the source directory.
$ tar xvzf gnunet-0.14.1.tar.gz $ mv gnunet-0.14.1 gnunet
However, please note that stable versions can be very outdated. As a developer you are strongly encouraged to use the version from the git server.
Next: Obtaining the latest version from Git, Previous: Obtaining a stable version, Up: Installing GNUnet [Contents]
To successfully compile GNUnet, you need the tools to build GNUnet and the required dependencies. Please take a look at the GNUnet Reference Documentation (see The GNUnet Reference Documentation in The GNUnet Reference Documentation) for a list of required dependencies and (see The GNUnet Reference Documentation in The GNUnet Reference Documentation) read its Installation chapter for specific instructions for your Operating System. Please check the notes at the end of the configure process about required dependencies.
For GNUnet bootstrapping support and the HTTP(S) plugin you should install libgnurl. For the filesharing service you should install at least one of the datastore backends (MySQL, SQlite and PostgreSQL are supported).
Next: Compiling and Installing GNUnet, Previous: Installing Build Tool Chain and Dependencies, Up: Installing GNUnet [Contents]
The latest development version can be obtained from our Git repository.
To get the code you need to have Git installed. Usually your
Operating System package manager should provide a suitable distribution
of git (otherwise check out Guix or Nix). If you are using an Operating
System based on Debian’s apt:
$ sudo apt-get install git
This is required for obtaining the repository, which is achieved with the following command:
$ git clone https://git.gnunet.org/gnunet
After cloning the repository, you have to execute the bootstrap script in the new directory:
$ cd gnunet $ ./bootstrap
The remainder of this tutorial will assume that you have the Git branch “master” checked out.
Next: Common Issues - Check your GNUnet installation, Previous: Obtaining the latest version from Git, Up: Installing GNUnet [Contents]
Note: This section is a duplication of the more in depth see The GNUnet Reference Documentation in The GNUnet Reference Documentation.
First, you need to install libgnupgerror 1.27 (or later) and libgcrypt 1.7.6 (or later):
$ export GNUPGFTP="https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt" $ wget $GNUPGFTP/libgpg-error/libgpg-error-1.27.tar.bz2 $ tar xf libgpg-error-1.27.tar.bz2 $ cd libgpg-error-1.27 $ ./configure $ make $ sudo make install $ cd ..
$ export GNUPGFTP="https://www.gnupg.org/ftp/gcrypt" $ wget $GNUPGFTP/libgcrypt/libgcrypt-1.7.6.tar.bz2 $ tar xf libgcrypt-1.7.6.tar.bz2 $ cd libgcrypt-1.7.6 $ ./configure $ make $ sudo make install $ cd ..
| • Installation: |
Assuming all dependencies are installed, the following commands will
compile and install GNUnet in your home directory. You can specify the
directory where GNUnet will be installed by changing the
--prefix value when calling ./configure. If
you do not specify a prefix, GNUnet is installed in the directory
/usr/local. When developing new applications you may want
to enable verbose logging by adding --enable-logging=verbose:
$ export PREFIX=$HOME $ ./configure --prefix=$PREFIX --enable-logging $ make $ make install
After installing GNUnet you have to add your GNUnet installation to your path environmental variable. In addition you have to create the .config directory in your home directory (unless it already exists) where GNUnet stores its data and an empty GNUnet configuration file:
$ export PATH=$PATH:$PREFIX/bin $ echo export PATH=$PREFIX/bin:\\$PATH >> ~/.bashrc $ mkdir ~/.config/ $ touch ~/.config/gnunet.conf
Previous: Compiling and Installing GNUnet, Up: Installing GNUnet [Contents]
You should check your installation to ensure that installing GNUnet was successful up to this point. You should be able to access GNUnet’s binaries and run GNUnet’s self check.
$ which gnunet-arm $PREFIX/bin/gnunet-arm
should return $PREFIX/bin/gnunet-arm (where $PREFIX is the location you have set earlier). It should be located in your GNUnet installation and the output should not be empty.
If you see an output like:
$ which gnunet-arm
check your PATH variable to ensure GNUnet’s bin directory is included.
GNUnet provides tests for all of its subcomponents. Assuming you have successfully built GNUnet, run
$ cd gnunet $ make check
to execute tests for all components. make check traverses all
subdirectories in src. For every subdirectory you should
get a message like this:
make[2]: Entering directory `/home/$USER/gnunet/contrib' PASS: test_gnunet_prefix ============= 1 test passed =============
Next: First Steps with GNUnet, Previous: Installing GNUnet, Up: Top [Contents]
GNUnet is organized in layers and services. Each service is composed of a main service implementation and a client library for other programs to use the service’s functionality, described by an API. Some services provide an additional command line tool to enable the user to interact with the service.
Very often it is other GNUnet services that will use these APIs to build the higher layers of GNUnet on top of the lower ones. Each layer expands or extends the functionality of the service below (for instance, to build a mesh on top of a DHT).
The main service implementation runs as a standalone process in the Operating System and the client code runs as part of the client program, so crashes of a client do not affect the service process or other clients. The service and the clients communicate via a message protocol to be defined and implemented by the programmer.
Next: Developing Applications, Previous: Introduction to GNUnet Architecture, Up: Top [Contents]
| • Configure your peer: | ||
| • Start a peer: | ||
| • Monitor a peer: | ||
| • Starting Two Peers by Hand: | ||
| • Starting Peers Using the Testbed Service: |
Next: Start a peer, Up: First Steps with GNUnet [Contents]
First of all we need to configure your peer. Each peer is started with
a configuration containing settings for GNUnet itself and its services.
This configuration is based on the default configuration shipped with
GNUnet and can be modified. The default configuration is located in the
$PREFIX/share/gnunet/config.d directory. When starting a peer, you
can specify a customized configuration using the the -c command
line switch when starting the ARM service and all other services. When
using a modified configuration the default values are loaded and only
values specified in the configuration file will replace the default
values.
Since we want to start additional peers later, we need some modifications from the default configuration. We need to create a separate service home and a file containing our modifications for this peer:
$ mkdir ~/gnunet1/ $ touch peer1.conf
Now add the following lines to peer1.conf to use this directory. For simplified usage we want to prevent the peer to connect to the GNUnet network since this could lead to confusing output. This modifications will replace the default settings:
[PATHS] # Use this directory to store GNUnet data GNUNET_HOME = ~/gnunet1/ [hostlist] # prevent bootstrapping SERVERS =
Next: Monitor a peer, Previous: Configure your peer, Up: First Steps with GNUnet [Contents]
Each GNUnet instance (called peer) has an identity (peer ID) based on a cryptographic public private key pair. The peer ID is the printable hash of the public key.
GNUnet services are controlled by a master service, the so called
Automatic Restart Manager (ARM). ARM starts, stops and even
restarts services automatically or on demand when a client connects.
You interact with the ARM service using the gnunet-arm tool.
GNUnet can then be started with gnunet-arm -s and stopped with
gnunet-arm -e. An additional service not automatically started
can be started using gnunet-arm -i <service name> and stopped
using gnunet-arm -k <servicename>.
Once you have started your peer, you can use many other GNUnet commands to interact with it. For example, you can run:
$ gnunet-peerinfo -s
to obtain the public key of your peer.
You should see an output containing the peer ID similar to:
I am peer `0PA02UVRKQTS2C .. JL5Q78F6H0B1ACPV1CJI59MEQUMQCC5G'.
Next: Starting Two Peers by Hand, Previous: Start a peer, Up: First Steps with GNUnet [Contents]
In this section, we will monitor the behaviour of our peer’s DHT
service with respect to a specific key. First we will start
GNUnet and then start the DHT service and use the DHT monitor tool
to monitor the PUT and GET commands we issue ussing the
gnunet-dht-put and gnunet-dht-get commands.
Using the “monitor” line given below, you can observe the behavior
of your own peer’s DHT with respect to the specified KEY:
# start gnunet with all default services: $ gnunet-arm -c ~/peer1.conf -s # start DHT service: $ gnunet-arm -c ~/peer1.conf -i dht $ cd ~/gnunet/src/dht; $ ./gnunet-dht-monitor -c ~/peer1.conf -k KEY
Now open a separate terminal and change again to the gnunet/src/dht directory:
$ cd ~/gnunet/src/dht # put VALUE under KEY in the DHT: $ ./gnunet-dht-put -c ~/peer1.conf -k KEY -d VALUE # get key KEY from the DHT: $ ./gnunet/src/dht/gnunet-dht-get -c ~/peer1.conf -k KEY # print statistics about current GNUnet state: $ gnunet-statistics -c ~/peer1.conf # print statistics about DHT service: $ gnunet-statistics -c ~/peer1.conf -s dht
Next: Starting Peers Using the Testbed Service, Previous: Monitor a peer, Up: First Steps with GNUnet [Contents]
This section describes how to start two peers on the same machine by hand. The process is rather painful, but the description is somewhat instructive. In practice, you might prefer the automated method (see Starting Peers Using the Testbed Service).
| • Setup a second peer: | ||
| • Start the second peer and connect the peers: | ||
| • How to connect manually: |
We will now start a second peer on your machine. For the second peer, you will need to manually create a modified configuration file to avoid conflicts with ports and directories. A peers configuration file is by default located in ~/.gnunet/gnunet.conf. This file is typically very short or even empty as only the differences to the defaults need to be specified. The defaults are located in many files in the $PREFIX/share/gnunet/config.d directory.
To configure the second peer, use the files $PREFIX/share/gnunet/config.d as a template for your main configuration file:
$ cat $PREFIX/share/gnunet/config.d/*.conf > peer2.conf
Now you have to edit peer2.conf and change:
GNUNET\_TEST\_HOME under PATHS
PORT” (add 10000) in any
section (the option may be commented out if PORT is
prefixed by "\#", in this case, UNIX domain sockets are used
and the PORT option does not need to be touched)
UNIXPATH” in any section
(e.g. by adding a "-p2" suffix)
to a fresh, unique value. Make sure that the PORT numbers stay
below 65536. From now on, whenever you interact with the second peer,
you need to specify -c peer2.conf as an additional
command line argument.
Now, generate the 2nd peer’s private key:
$ gnunet-peerinfo -s -c peer2.conf
This may take a while, generate entropy using your keyboard or mouse as needed. Also, make sure the output is different from the gnunet-peerinfo output for the first peer (otherwise you made an error in the configuration).
Next: How to connect manually, Previous: Setup a second peer, Up: Starting Two Peers by Hand [Contents]
Then, you can start a second peer using:
$ gnunet-arm -c peer2.conf -s $ gnunet-arm -c peer2.conf -i dht $ ~/gnunet/src/dht/gnunet-dht-put -c peer2.conf -k KEY -d VALUE $ ~/gnunet/src/dht/gnunet-dht-get -c peer2.conf -k KEY
If you want the two peers to connect, you have multiple options:
To setup peer 1 as bootstrapping server change the configuration of the first one to be a hostlist server by adding the following lines to peer1.conf to enable bootstrapping server:
[hostlist] OPTIONS = -p
Then change peer2.conf and replace the “SERVERS”
line in the “[hostlist]” section with
“http://localhost:8080/”. Restart both peers using:
# stop first peer $ gnunet-arm -c peer1.conf -e # start first peer $ gnunet-arm -c peer1.conf -s # start second peer $ gnunet-arm -c peer2.conf -s
Note that if you start your peers without changing these settings, they will use the “global” hostlist servers of the GNUnet P2P network and likely connect to those peers. At that point, debugging might become tricky as you’re going to be connected to many more peers and would likely observe traffic and behaviors that are not explicitly controlled by you.
If you want to use the peerinfo tool to connect your
peers, you should:
IMMEDIATE_START = NO in section hostlist
(to not connect to the global GNUnet)
gnunet-arm -c peer1.conf -s
and gnunet-arm -c peer2.conf -s
HELLO message of the first peer running
gnunet-peerinfo -c peer1.conf -g
gnunet-peerinfo -c peer2.conf -p '<output>'
Check that they are connected using gnunet-core -c peer1.conf,
which should give you the other peer’s peer identity:
$ gnunet-core -c peer1.conf Peer `9TVUCS8P5A7ILLBGO6 [...shortened...] 1KNBJ4NGCHP3JPVULDG'
Previous: Starting Two Peers by Hand, Up: First Steps with GNUnet [Contents]
GNUnet’s testbed service is used for testing scenarios where a number of peers are to be started. The testbed can manage peers on a single host or on multiple hosts in a distributed fashion. On a single affordable computer, it should be possible to run around tens of peers without drastically increasing the load on the system.
The testbed service can be access through its API
include/gnunet\_testbed\_service.h. The API provides many
routines for managing a group of peers. It also provides a helper
function GNUNET\_TESTBED\_test\_run() to quickly setup a
minimalistic testing environment on a single host.
This function takes a configuration file which will be used as a
template configuration for the peers. The testbed takes care of
modifying relevant options in the peers’ configuration such as
SERVICEHOME, PORT, UNIXPATH to unique values
so that peers run without running into conflicts. It also checks
and assigns the ports in configurations only if they are free.
Additionally, the testbed service also reads its options from the same configuration file. Various available options and details about them can be found in the testbed default configuration file src/testbed/testbed.conf.
With the testbed API, a sample test case can be structured as follows:
#include <unistd.h>
#include <gnunet/platform.h>
#include <gnunet/gnunet_util_lib.h>
#include <gnunet/gnunet_testbed_service.h>
#include <gnunet/gnunet_dht_service.h>
#define NUM_PEERS 20
static struct GNUNET_TESTBED_Operation *dht_op;
static struct GNUNET_DHT_Handle *dht_handle;
struct MyContext
{
int ht_len;
} ctxt;
static int result;
static void
shutdown_task (void *cls)
{
if (NULL != dht_op)
{
GNUNET_TESTBED_operation_done (dht_op);
dht_op = NULL;
dht_handle = NULL;
}
result = GNUNET_OK;
}
static void
service_connect_comp (void *cls,
struct GNUNET_TESTBED_Operation *op,
void *ca_result,
const char *emsg)
{
GNUNET_assert (op == dht_op);
dht_handle = ca_result;
// Do work here...
GNUNET_SCHEDULER_shutdown ();
}
static void *
dht_ca (void *cls, const struct GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_Handle *cfg)
{
struct MyContext *ctxt = cls;
dht_handle = GNUNET_DHT_connect (cfg, ctxt->ht_len);
return dht_handle;
}
static void
dht_da (void *cls, void *op_result)
{
struct MyContext *ctxt = cls;
GNUNET_DHT_disconnect ((struct GNUNET_DHT_Handle *) op_result);
dht_handle = NULL;
}
static void
test_master (void *cls,
struct GNUNET_TESTBED_RunHandle *h,
unsigned int num_peers,
struct GNUNET_TESTBED_Peer **peers,
unsigned int links_succeeded,
unsigned int links_failed)
{
ctxt.ht_len = 10;
dht_op = GNUNET_TESTBED_service_connect
(NULL, peers[0], "dht",
&service_connect_comp, NULL,
&dht_ca, &dht_da, &ctxt);
GNUNET_SCHEDULER_add_shutdown (&shutdown_task, NULL);
}
int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
int ret;
result = GNUNET_SYSERR;
ret = GNUNET_TESTBED_test_run
("awesome-test", "template.conf",
NUM_PEERS, 0LL,
NULL, NULL, &test_master, NULL);
if ( (GNUNET_OK != ret) || (GNUNET_OK != result) )
return 1;
return 0;
}
The source code for the above listing can be found at https://git.gnunet.org/gnunet.git/tree/doc/documentation/testbed_test.c or in the doc/ folder of your repository check-out. After installing GNUnet, the above source code can be compiled as:
$ export CPPFLAGS="-I/path/to/gnunet/headers" $ export LDFLAGS="-L/path/to/gnunet/libraries" $ gcc $CPPFLAGS $LDFLAGS -o testbed-test testbed_test.c \ -lgnunettestbed -lgnunetdht -lgnunetutil # Generate (empty) configuration $ touch template.conf # run it (press CTRL-C to stop) $ ./testbed-test
The CPPFLAGS and LDFLAGS are necessary if GNUnet
is installed into a different directory other than /usr/local.
All of testbed API’s peer management functions treat management actions as operations and return operation handles. It is expected that the operations begin immediately, but they may get delayed (to balance out load on the system). The program using the API then has to take care of marking the operation as “done” so that its associated resources can be freed immediately and other waiting operations can be executed. Operations will be canceled if they are marked as “done” before their completion.
An operation is treated as completed when it succeeds or fails. Completion of an operation is either conveyed as events through controller event callback or through respective operation completion callbacks. In functions which support completion notification through both controller event callback and operation completion callback, first the controller event callback will be called. If the operation is not marked as done in that callback or if the callback is given as NULL when creating the operation, the operation completion callback will be called. The API documentation shows which event are to be expected in the controller event notifications. It also documents any exceptional behaviour.
Once the peers are started, test cases often need to connect
some of the peers’ services. Normally, opening a connect to
a peer’s service requires the peer’s configuration. While using
testbed, the testbed automatically generates per-peer configuration.
Accessing those configurations directly through file system is
discouraged as their locations are dynamically created and will be
different among various runs of testbed. To make access to these
configurations easy, testbed API provides the function
GNUNET\_TESTBED\_service\_connect(). This function fetches
the configuration of a given peer and calls the Connect Adapter.
In the example code, it is the dht\_ca. A connect adapter is
expected to open the connection to the needed service by using the
provided configuration and return the created service connection handle.
Successful connection to the needed service is signaled through
service\_connect\_comp\_cb.
A dual to connect adapter is the Disconnect Adapter. This callback
is called after the connect adapter has been called when the operation
from GNUNET\_TESTBED\_service\_connect() is marked as “done”.
It has to disconnect from the service with the provided service
handle (op\_result).
Exercise: Find out how many peers you can run on your system.
Exercise: Find out how to create a 2D torus topology by changing the options in the configuration file. See The GNUnet Reference Documentation in The GNUnet Reference Documentation, then use the DHT API to store and retrieve values in the network.
Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Previous: First Steps with GNUnet, Up: Top [Contents]
Next: Adapting the Template, Up: Developing Applications [Contents]
To develop a new peer-to-peer application or to extend GNUnet we provide a template build system for writing GNUnet extensions in C. It can be obtained as follows:
$ git clone https://git.gnunet.org/gnunet-ext $ cd gnunet-ext/ $ ./bootstrap $ ./configure --prefix=$PREFIX --with-gnunet=$PREFIX $ make $ make install $ make check
The GNUnet ext template includes examples and a working buildsystem for a new GNUnet service. A common GNUnet service consists of the following parts which will be discussed in detail in the remainder of this document. The functionality of a GNUnet service is implemented in:
The interfaces for these entities are defined in:
In addition the ext systems provides:
Next: Writing a Client Application, Previous: gnunet-ext, Up: Developing Applications [Contents]
The first step for writing any extension with a new service is to
ensure that the ext.conf.in file contains entries for the
UNIXPATH, PORT and BINARY for the service in a
section named after the service.
If you want to adapt the template rename the ext.conf.in to
match your services name, you have to modify the AC\_OUTPUT
section in configure.ac in the gnunet-ext root.
Next: Writing a Service, Previous: Adapting the Template, Up: Developing Applications [Contents]
When writing any client application (for example, a command-line
tool), the basic structure is to start with the
GNUNET\_PROGRAM\_run function. This function will parse
command-line options, setup the scheduler and then invoke the
run function (with the remaining non-option arguments)
and a handle to the parsed configuration (and the configuration
file name that was used, which is typically not needed):
#include <gnunet/platform.h>
#include <gnunet/gnunet_util_lib.h>
static int ret;
static void
run (void *cls,
char *const *args,
const char *cfgfile,
const struct GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_Handle *cfg)
{
// main code here
ret = 0;
}
int
main (int argc, char *const *argv)
{
struct GNUNET_GETOPT_CommandLineOption options[] = {
GNUNET_GETOPT_OPTION_END
};
return (GNUNET_OK ==
GNUNET_PROGRAM_run (argc,
argv,
"binary-name",
gettext_noop ("binary description text"),
options, &run, NULL)) ? ret : 1;
}
| • Handling command-line options: | ||
| • Writing a Client Library: | ||
| • Writing a user interface: |
Next: Writing a Client Library, Up: Writing a Client Application [Contents]
Options can then be added easily by adding global variables and
expanding the options array. For example, the following would
add a string-option and a binary flag (defaulting to NULL and
GNUNET\_NO respectively):
static char *string_option;
static int a_flag;
// ...
struct GNUNET_GETOPT_CommandLineOption options[] = {
GNUNET_GETOPT_option_string ('s', "name", "SOMESTRING",
gettext_noop ("text describing the string_option NAME"),
&string_option},
GNUNET_GETOPT_option_flag ('f', "flag",
gettext_noop ("text describing the flag option"),
&a_flag),
GNUNET_GETOPT_OPTION_END
};
string_option = NULL;
a_flag = GNUNET_SYSERR;
// ...
Issues such as displaying some helpful text describing options using
the --help argument and error handling are taken care of when
using this approach. Other GNUNET\_GETOPT\_-functions can be used
to obtain integer value options, increment counters, etc. You can
even write custom option parsers for special circumstances not covered
by the available handlers. To check if an argument was specified by the
user you initialize the variable with a specific value (e.g. NULL for
a string and GNUNET\_SYSERR for a integer) and check after parsing
happened if the values were modified.
Inside the run method, the program would perform the
application-specific logic, which typically involves initializing and
using some client library to interact with the service. The client
library is supposed to implement the IPC whereas the service provides
more persistent P2P functions.
Exercise: Add a few command-line options and print them inside
of run. What happens if the user gives invalid arguments?
Next: Writing a user interface, Previous: Handling command-line options, Up: Writing a Client Application [Contents]
The first and most important step in writing a client library is to decide on an API for the library. Typical API calls include connecting to the service, performing application-specific requests and cleaning up. Many examples for such service APIs can be found in the gnunet/src/include/gnunet\_*\_service.h files.
Then, a client-service protocol needs to be designed. This typically
involves defining various message formats in a header that will be
included by both the service and the client library (but is otherwise
not shared and hence located within the service’s directory and not
installed by make install). Each message must start with a
struct GNUNET\_MessageHeader and must be shorter than 64k. By
convention, all fields in IPC (and P2P) messages must be in big-endian
format (and thus should be read using ntohl and similar
functions and written using htonl and similar functions).
Unique message types must be defined for each message struct in the
gnunet\_protocols.h header (or an extension-specific include
file).
| • Connecting to the Service: | ||
| • Sending messages: | ||
| • Receiving Replies from the Service: |
Next: Sending messages, Up: Writing a Client Library [Contents]
Before a client library can implement the application-specific protocol with the service, a connection must be created:
struct GNUNET_MQ_MessageHandlers handlers[] = {
// ...
GNUNET_MQ_handler_end ()
};
struct GNUNET_MQ_Handle *mq;
mq = GNUNET_CLIENT_connect (cfg,
"service-name",
handlers,
&error_cb,
NULL);
As a result a GNUNET\_MQ\_Handle is returned
which can to used henceforth to transmit messages to the service.
The complete MQ API can be found in gnunet\_mq\_lib.h.
The handlers array in the example above is incomplete.
Here is where you will define which messages you expect to
receive from the service, and which functions handle them.
The error\_cb is a function that is to be called whenever
there are errors communicating with the service.
Next: Receiving Replies from the Service, Previous: Connecting to the Service, Up: Writing a Client Library [Contents]
In GNUnet, messages are always sent beginning with a
struct GNUNET\_MessageHeader in big endian format.
This header defines the size and the type of the
message, the payload follows after this header.
struct GNUNET_MessageHeader
{
uint16_t size GNUNET_PACKED;
uint16_t type GNUNET_PACKED;
};
Existing message types are defined in gnunet\_protocols.h. A common way to create a message is with an envelope:
struct GNUNET_MQ_Envelope *env;
struct GNUNET_MessageHeader *msg;
env = GNUNET_MQ_msg_extra (msg, payload_size, GNUNET_MY_MESSAGE_TYPE);
GNUNET_memcpy (&msg[1],
&payload,
payload_size);
// Send message via message queue 'mq'
GNUNET_mq_send (mq, env);
Exercise: Define a message struct that includes a 32-bit unsigned integer in addition to the standard GNUnet MessageHeader. Add a C struct and define a fresh protocol number for your message. Protocol numbers in gnunet-ext are defined in gnunet-ext/src/include/gnunet_protocols_ext.h
Exercise: Find out how you can determine the number of messages in a message queue.
Exercise: Find out how you can determine when a message you have queued was actually transmitted.
Exercise: Define a helper function to transmit a 32-bit unsigned integer (as payload) to a service using some given client handle.
Previous: Sending messages, Up: Writing a Client Library [Contents]
Clients can receive messages from the service using the handlers
specified in the handlers array we specified when connecting
to the service. Entries in the the array are usually created using
one of two macros, depending on whether the message is fixed size
or variable size. Variable size messages are managed using two
callbacks, one to check that the message is well-formed, the other
to actually process the message. Fixed size messages are fully
checked by the MQ-logic, and thus only need to provide the handler
to process the message. Note that the prefixes check\_
and handle\_ are mandatory.
static void
handle_fix (void *cls, const struct MyMessage *msg)
{
// process 'msg'
}
static int
check_var (void *cls, const struct MyVarMessage *msg)
{
// check 'msg' is well-formed
return GNUNET_OK;
}
static void
handle_var (void *cls, const struct MyVarMessage *msg)
{
// process 'msg'
}
struct GNUNET_MQ_MessageHandler handlers[] = {
GNUNET_MQ_hd_fixed_size (fix,
GNUNET_MESSAGE_TYPE_MY_FIX,
struct MyMessage,
NULL),
GNUNET_MQ_hd_fixed_size (var,
GNUNET_MESSAGE_TYPE_MY_VAR,
struct MyVarMessage,
NULL),
GNUNET_MQ_handler_end ()
};
Exercise: Expand your helper function to receive a response message
(for example, containing just the struct GNUnet MessageHeader
without any payload). Upon receiving the service’s response, you
should call a callback provided to your helper function’s API.
Exercise: Figure out where you can pass values to the
closures (cls).
Previous: Writing a Client Library, Up: Writing a Client Application [Contents]
Given a client library, all it takes to access a service now is to combine calls to the client library with parsing command-line options.
Exercise: Call your client API from your run() method in your
client application to send a request to the service. For example,
send a 32-bit integer value based on a number given at the
command-line to the service.
Next: Interacting directly with other Peers using the CORE Service, Previous: Writing a Client Application, Up: Developing Applications [Contents]
Before you can test the client you’ve written so far, you’ll need to also implement the corresponding service.
| • Code Placement: | ||
| • Starting a Service: |
Next: Starting a Service, Up: Writing a Service [Contents]
New services are placed in their own subdirectory under gnunet/src. This subdirectory should contain the API implementation file SERVICE\_api.c, the description of the client-service protocol SERVICE.h and P2P protocol SERVICE\_protocol.h, the implementation of the service itself gnunet-service-SERVICE.h and several files for tests, including test code and configuration files.
Previous: Code Placement, Up: Writing a Service [Contents]
The key API definition for creating a service is the
GNUNET\_SERVICE\_MAIN macro:
GNUNET_SERVICE_MAIN
("service-name",
GNUNET_SERVICE_OPTION_NONE,
&run,
&client_connect_cb,
&client_disconnect_cb,
NULL,
GNUNET_MQ_hd_fixed_size (...),
GNUNET_MQ_hd_var_size (...),
GNUNET_MQ_handler_end ());
In addition to the service name and flags, the macro takes three
functions, typically called run, client\_connect\_cb and
client\_disconnect\_cb as well as an array of message handlers
that will be called for incoming messages from clients.
A minimal version of the three central service functions would look like this:
static void
run (void *cls,
const struct GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_Handle *c,
struct GNUNET_SERVICE_Handle *service)
{
}
static void *
client_connect_cb (void *cls,
struct GNUNET_SERVICE_Client *c,
struct GNUNET_MQ_Handle *mq)
{
return c;
}
static void
client_disconnect_cb (void *cls,
struct GNUNET_SERVICE_Client *c,
void *internal_cls)
{
GNUNET_assert (c == internal_cls);
}
Exercise: Write a stub service that processes no messages at all
in your code. Create a default configuration for it, integrate it
with the build system and start the service from
gnunet-service-arm using gnunet-arm -i NAME.
Exercise: Figure out how to set the closure (cls) for handlers
of a service.
Exercise: Figure out how to send messages from the service back to the client.
Each handler function in the service must eventually (possibly in some
asynchronous continuation) call
GNUNET\_SERVICE\_client\_continue(). Only after this call
additional messages from the same client may
be processed. This way, the service can throttle processing messages
from the same client.
Exercise: Change the service to “handle” the message from your
client (for now, by printing a message). What happens if you
forget to call GNUNET\_SERVICE\_client\_continue()?
Next: Storing peer-specific data using the PEERSTORE service, Previous: Writing a Service, Up: Developing Applications [Contents]
FIXME: This section still needs to be updated to the latest API!
One of the most important services in GNUnet is the CORE service
managing connections between peers and handling encryption between peers.
One of the first things any service that extends the P2P protocol
typically does is connect to the CORE service using:
#include <gnunet/gnunet_core_service.h>
struct GNUNET_CORE_Handle *
GNUNET_CORE_connect (const struct GNUNET_CONFIGURATION_Handle *cfg,
void *cls,
GNUNET_CORE_StartupCallback init,
GNUNET_CORE_ConnectEventHandler connects,
GNUNET_CORE_DisconnectEventHandler disconnects,
const struct GNUNET_MQ_MessageHandler *handlers);
| • New P2P connections: | ||
| • Receiving P2P Messages: | ||
| • Sending P2P Messages: | ||
| • End of P2P connections: |
Next: Receiving P2P Messages, Up: Interacting directly with other Peers using the CORE Service [Contents]
Before any traffic with a different peer can be exchanged, the peer must
be known to the service. This is notified by the CORE
connects callback, which communicates the identity of the new
peer to the service:
void *
connects (void *cls,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *peer,
struct GNUNET_MQ_Handle *mq)
{
return mq;
}
Note that whatever you return from connects is given as the
cls argument to the message handlers for messages from
the respective peer.
Exercise: Create a service that connects to the CORE. Then
start (and connect) two peers and print a message once your connect
callback is invoked.
Next: Sending P2P Messages, Previous: New P2P connections, Up: Interacting directly with other Peers using the CORE Service [Contents]
To receive messages from CORE, you pass the desired
handlers to the GNUNET\_CORE\_connect() function,
just as we showed for services.
It is your responsibility to process messages fast enough or to implement flow control. If an application does not process CORE messages fast enough, CORE will randomly drop messages to not keep a very long queue in memory.
Exercise: Start one peer with a new service that has a message handler and start a second peer that only has your “old” service without message handlers. Which “connect” handlers are invoked when the two peers are connected? Why?
Next: End of P2P connections, Previous: Receiving P2P Messages, Up: Interacting directly with other Peers using the CORE Service [Contents]
You can transmit messages to other peers using the mq you were
given during the connect callback. Note that the mq
automatically is released upon disconnect and that you must
not use it afterwards.
It is your responsibility to not over-fill the message queue, GNUnet will send the messages roughly in the order given as soon as possible.
Exercise: Write a service that upon connect sends messages as fast as possible to the other peer (the other peer should run a service that “processes” those messages). How fast is the transmission? Count using the STATISTICS service on both ends. Are messages lost? How can you transmit messages faster? What happens if you stop the peer that is receiving your messages?
Previous: Sending P2P Messages, Up: Interacting directly with other Peers using the CORE Service [Contents]
If a message handler returns GNUNET\_SYSERR, the remote
peer shuts down or there is an unrecoverable network
disconnection, CORE notifies the service that the peer disconnected.
After this notification no more messages will be received from the
peer and the service is no longer allowed to send messages to the peer.
The disconnect callback looks like the following:
void
disconnects (void *cls,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity * peer)
{
/* Remove peer's identity from known peers */
/* Make sure no messages are sent to peer from now on */
}
Exercise: Fix your service to handle peer disconnects.
Next: Using the DHT, Previous: Interacting directly with other Peers using the CORE Service, Up: Developing Applications [Contents]
GNUnet’s PEERSTORE service offers a persistorage for arbitrary peer-specific data. Other GNUnet services can use the PEERSTORE to store, retrieve and monitor data records. Each data record stored with PEERSTORE contains the following fields:
The first step is to start a connection to the PEERSTORE service:
#include "gnunet_peerstore_service.h" peerstore_handle = GNUNET_PEERSTORE_connect (cfg);
The service handle peerstore_handle will be needed for
all subsequent PEERSTORE operations.
| • Storing records: | ||
| • Retrieving records: | ||
| • Monitoring records: | ||
| • Disconnecting from PEERSTORE: |
To store a new record, use the following function:
struct GNUNET_PEERSTORE_StoreContext *
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_store (struct GNUNET_PEERSTORE_Handle *h,
const char *sub_system,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *peer,
const char *key,
const void *value,
size_t size,
struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute expiry,
enum GNUNET_PEERSTORE_StoreOption options,
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_Continuation cont,
void *cont_cls);
The options parameter can either be
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_STOREOPTION_MULTIPLE which means that multiple
values can be stored under the same key combination
(subsystem, peerid, key), or GNUNET_PEERSTORE_STOREOPTION_REPLACE
which means that PEERSTORE will replace any existing values under the
given key combination (subsystem, peerid, key) with the new given value.
The continuation function cont will be called after the store
request is successfully sent to the PEERSTORE service. This does not
guarantee that the record is successfully stored, only that it was
received by the service.
The GNUNET_PEERSTORE_store function returns a handle to the store
operation. This handle can be used to cancel the store operation only
before the continuation function is called:
void
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_store_cancel (struct GNUNET_PEERSTORE_StoreContext
*sc);
Next: Monitoring records, Previous: Storing records, Up: Storing peer-specific data using the PEERSTORE service [Contents]
To retrieve stored records, use the following function:
struct GNUNET_PEERSTORE_IterateContext *
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_iterate (struct GNUNET_PEERSTORE_Handle *h,
const char *sub_system,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *peer,
const char *key,
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_Processor callback,
void *callback_cls);
The values of peer and key can be NULL. This
allows the iteration over values stored under any of the following
key combinations:
The callback function will be called once with each retrieved
record and once more with a NULL record to signal the end of
results.
The GNUNET_PEERSTORE_iterate function returns a handle to the
iterate operation. This handle can be used to cancel the iterate
operation only before the callback function is called with a
NULL record.
Next: Disconnecting from PEERSTORE, Previous: Retrieving records, Up: Storing peer-specific data using the PEERSTORE service [Contents]
PEERSTORE offers the functionality of monitoring for new records stored under a specific key combination (subsystem, peerid, key). To start the monitoring, use the following function:
struct GNUNET_PEERSTORE_WatchContext *
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_watch (struct GNUNET_PEERSTORE_Handle *h,
const char *sub_system,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *peer,
const char *key,
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_Processor callback,
void *callback_cls);
Whenever a new record is stored under the given key combination,
the callback function will be called with this new
record. This will continue until the connection to the PEERSTORE
service is broken or the watch operation is canceled:
void
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_watch_cancel (struct GNUNET_PEERSTORE_WatchContext
*wc);
When the connection to the PEERSTORE service is no longer needed, disconnect using the following function:
void
GNUNET_PEERSTORE_disconnect (struct GNUNET_PEERSTORE_Handle *h,
int sync_first);
If the sync_first flag is set to GNUNET_YES,
the API will delay the disconnection until all store requests
are received by the PEERSTORE service. Otherwise, it will
disconnect immediately.
Next: Debugging with gnunet-arm, Previous: Storing peer-specific data using the PEERSTORE service, Up: Developing Applications [Contents]
The DHT allows to store data so other peers in the P2P network can access it and retrieve data stored by any peers in the network. This section will explain how to use the DHT. Of course, the first thing to do is to connect to the DHT service:
dht_handle = GNUNET_DHT_connect (cfg, parallel_requests);
The second parameter indicates how many requests in parallel to expect. It is not a hard limit, but a good approximation will make the DHT more efficient.
| • Storing data in the DHT: | ||
| • Obtaining data from the DHT: | ||
| • Implementing a block plugin: | ||
| • Monitoring the DHT: |
Next: Obtaining data from the DHT, Up: Using the DHT [Contents]
Since the DHT is a dynamic environment (peers join and leave frequently) the data that we put in the DHT does not stay there indefinitely. It is important to “refresh” the data periodically by simply storing it again, in order to make sure other peers can access it.
The put API call offers a callback to signal that the PUT request has been sent. This does not guarantee that the data is accessible to others peers, or even that is has been stored, only that the service has requested to a neighboring peer the retransmission of the PUT request towards its final destination. Currently there is no feedback about whether or not the data has been successfully stored or where it has been stored. In order to improve the availablilty of the data and to compensate for possible errors, peers leaving and other unfavorable events, just make several PUT requests!
message_sent_cont (void *cls,
const struct GNUNET_SCHEDULER_TaskContext *tc)
{
// Request has left local node
}
struct GNUNET_DHT_PutHandle *
GNUNET_DHT_put (struct GNUNET_DHT_Handle *handle,
const struct GNUNET_HashCode *key,
uint32_t desired_replication_level,
enum GNUNET_DHT_RouteOption options,
enum GNUNET_BLOCK_Type type,
size_t size,
const void *data,
struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute exp,
struct GNUNET_TIME_Relative timeout,
GNUNET_DHT_PutContinuation cont, void *cont_cls)
Exercise: Store a value in the DHT periodically to make sure it
is available over time. You might consider using the function
GNUNET\_SCHEDULER\_add\_delayed and call
GNUNET\_DHT\_put from inside a helper function.
Next: Implementing a block plugin, Previous: Storing data in the DHT, Up: Using the DHT [Contents]
As we saw in the previous example, the DHT works in an asynchronous mode.
Each request to the DHT is executed “in the background” and the API
calls return immediately. In order to receive results from the DHT, the
API provides a callback. Once started, the request runs in the service,
the service will try to get as many results as possible (filtering out
duplicates) until the timeout expires or we explicitly stop the request.
It is possible to give a “forever” timeout with
GNUNET\_TIME\_UNIT\_FOREVER\_REL.
If we give a route option GNUNET\_DHT\_RO\_RECORD\_ROUTE
the callback will get a list of all the peers the data has travelled,
both on the PUT path and on the GET path.
static void
get_result_iterator (void *cls, struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute expiration,
const struct GNUNET_HashCode *key,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *get_path,
unsigned int get_path_length,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *put_path,
unsigned int put_path_length,
enum GNUNET_BLOCK_Type type, size_t size,
const void *data)
{
// Optionally:
GNUNET_DHT_get_stop (get_handle);
}
get_handle =
GNUNET_DHT_get_start (dht_handle,
block_type,
&key,
replication,
GNUNET_DHT_RO_NONE,
NULL,
0,
&get_result_iterator,
cls)
Exercise: Store a value in the DHT and after a while retrieve it.
Show the IDs of all the peers the requests have gone through.
In order to convert a peer ID to a string, use the function
GNUNET\_i2s. Pay attention to the route option parameters
in both calls!
Next: Monitoring the DHT, Previous: Obtaining data from the DHT, Up: Using the DHT [Contents]
In order to store data in the DHT, it is necessary to provide a block plugin. The DHT uses the block plugin to ensure that only well-formed requests and replies are transmitted over the network.
The block plugin should be put in a file plugin\_block\_SERVICE.c in the service’s respective directory. The mandatory functions that need to be implemented for a block plugin are described in the following sections.
| • Validating requests and replies: | ||
| • Deriving a key from a reply: | ||
| • Initialization of the plugin: | ||
| • Shutdown of the plugin: | ||
| • Integration of the plugin with the build system: |
The evaluate function should validate a reply or a request. It returns
a GNUNET\_BLOCK\_EvaluationResult, which is an enumeration. All
possible answers are in gnunet\_block\_lib.h. The function will
be called with a reply\_block argument of NULL for
requests. Note that depending on how evaluate is called, only
some of the possible return values are valid. The specific meaning of
the xquery argument is application-specific. Applications that
do not use an extended query should check that the xquery\_size
is zero. The block group is typically used to filter duplicate
replies.
static enum GNUNET_BLOCK_EvaluationResult
block_plugin_SERVICE_evaluate (void *cls,
enum GNUNET_BLOCK_Type type,
struct GNUNET_BlockGroup *bg,
const GNUNET_HashCode *query,
const void *xquery,
size_t xquery_size,
const void *reply_block,
size_t reply_block_size)
{
// Verify type, block and bg
}
Note that it is mandatory to detect duplicate replies in this function and return the respective status code. Duplicate detection is typically done using the Bloom filter block group provided by libgnunetblockgroup.so. Failure to do so may cause replies to circle in the network.
Next: Initialization of the plugin, Previous: Validating requests and replies, Up: Implementing a block plugin [Contents]
The DHT can operate more efficiently if it is possible to derive a key
from the value of the corresponding block. The get\_key
function is used to obtain the key of a block — for example, by
means of hashing. If deriving the key is not possible, the function
should simply return GNUNET\_SYSERR (the DHT will still work
just fine with such blocks).
static int
block_plugin_SERVICE_get_key (void *cls, enum GNUNET_BLOCK_Type type,
const void *block, size_t block_size,
struct GNUNET_HashCode *key)
{
// Store the key in the key argument, return GNUNET_OK on success.
}
Next: Shutdown of the plugin, Previous: Deriving a key from a reply, Up: Implementing a block plugin [Contents]
The plugin is realized as a shared C library. The library must export an initialization function which should initialize the plugin. The initialization function specifies what block types the plugin cares about and returns a struct with the functions that are to be used for validation and obtaining keys (the ones just defined above).
void *
libgnunet_plugin_block_SERVICE_init (void *cls)
{
static enum GNUNET_BLOCK_Type types[] =
{
GNUNET_BLOCK_TYPE_SERVICE_BLOCKYPE,
GNUNET_BLOCK_TYPE_ANY
};
struct GNUNET_BLOCK_PluginFunctions *api;
api = GNUNET_new (struct GNUNET_BLOCK_PluginFunctions);
api->evaluate = &block_plugin_SERICE_evaluate;
api->get_key = &block_plugin_SERVICE_get_key;
api->types = types;
return api;
}
Next: Integration of the plugin with the build system, Previous: Initialization of the plugin, Up: Implementing a block plugin [Contents]
Following GNUnet’s general plugin API concept, the plugin must export a second function for cleaning up. It usually does very little.
void *
libgnunet_plugin_block_SERVICE_done (void *cls)
{
struct GNUNET_TRANSPORT_PluginFunctions *api = cls;
GNUNET_free (api);
return NULL;
}
Previous: Shutdown of the plugin, Up: Implementing a block plugin [Contents]
In order to compile the plugin, the Makefile.am file for the service SERVICE should contain a rule similar to this:
plugindir = $(libdir)/gnunet
plugin_LTLIBRARIES = \
libgnunet_plugin_block_ext.la
libgnunet_plugin_block_ext_la_SOURCES = \
plugin_block_ext.c
libgnunet_plugin_block_ext_la_LIBADD = \
$(prefix)/lib/libgnunethello.la \
$(prefix)/lib/libgnunetblock.la \
$(prefix)/lib/libgnunetutil.la
libgnunet_plugin_block_ext_la_LDFLAGS = \
$(GN_PLUGIN_LDFLAGS)
libgnunet_plugin_block_ext_la_DEPENDENCIES = \
$(prefix)/lib/libgnunetblock.la
Exercise: Write a block plugin that accepts all queries and all replies but prints information about queries and replies when the respective validation hooks are called.
Previous: Implementing a block plugin, Up: Using the DHT [Contents]
It is possible to monitor the functioning of the local DHT service. When monitoring the DHT, the service will alert the monitoring program of any events, both started locally or received for routing from another peer. The are three different types of events possible: a GET request, a PUT request or a response (a reply to a GET).
Since the different events have different associated data, the API gets 3 different callbacks (one for each message type) and optional type and key parameters, to allow for filtering of messages. When an event happens, the appropriate callback is called with all the information about the event.
static void
get_callback (void *cls,
enum GNUNET_DHT_RouteOption options,
enum GNUNET_BLOCK_Type type,
uint32_t hop_count,
uint32_t desired_replication_level,
unsigned int path_length,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *path,
const struct GNUNET_HashCode * key)
{
}
static void
get_resp_callback (void *cls,
enum GNUNET_BLOCK_Type type,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *get_path,
unsigned int get_path_length,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *put_path,
unsigned int put_path_length,
struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute exp,
const struct GNUNET_HashCode * key,
const void *data,
size_t size)
{
}
static void
put_callback (void *cls,
enum GNUNET_DHT_RouteOption options,
enum GNUNET_BLOCK_Type type,
uint32_t hop_count,
uint32_t desired_replication_level,
unsigned int path_length,
const struct GNUNET_PeerIdentity *path,
struct GNUNET_TIME_Absolute exp,
const struct GNUNET_HashCode * key,
const void *data,
size_t size)
{
}
monitor_handle = GNUNET_DHT_monitor_start (dht_handle,
block_type,
key,
&get_callback,
&get_resp_callback,
&put_callback,
cls);
Previous: Using the DHT, Up: Developing Applications [Contents]
Even if services are managed by gnunet-arm, you can
start them with gdb or valgrind. For
example, you could add the following lines to your
configuration file to start the DHT service in a gdb
session in a fresh xterm:
[dht] PREFIX=xterm -e gdb --args
Alternatively, you can stop a service that was started via ARM and run it manually:
$ gnunet-arm -k dht $ gdb --args gnunet-service-dht -L DEBUG $ valgrind gnunet-service-dht -L DEBUG
Assuming other services are well-written, they will automatically re-integrate the restarted service with the peer.
GNUnet provides a powerful logging mechanism providing log
levels ERROR, WARNING, INFO and DEBUG.
The current log level is configured using the $GNUNET_FORCE_LOG
environmental variable. The DEBUG level is only available if
--enable-logging=verbose was used when running
configure. More details about logging can be found under
https://docs.gnunet.org/#Logging.
You should also probably enable the creation of core files, by setting
ulimit, and echo’ing 1 into
/proc/sys/kernel/core\_uses\_pid. Then you can investigate the
core dumps with gdb, which is often the fastest method to
find simple errors.
Exercise: Add a memory leak to your service and obtain a trace
pointing to the leak using valgrind while running the service
from gnunet-service-arm.
Previous: Developing Applications, Up: Top [Contents]
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The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.